Stress And The Stress Management - 1474 Words

The definition of Stress, its history and how to manage Stress is a daily conversation word as the world is becoming more challenging and difficult to live. It is very important to understand, and know how to manage it on a daily basis especially on our workplace. This essay will be broken into four parts firstly it is going to discuss about the contrast and similarity in the definition of stress between Engineering and Selye’s approach. Then it is going to critically evaluate the General Adaptation Syndrome (G.A.S) explanation of stress. Also critically evaluate the contrast between SRRS and Daily Hassles explanation of stress. Finally it is going to discuss the role of individual differences and stress in relation to Friedman and†¦show more content†¦The environment or exterior is seeing as a place where stimuli or stressor comes from and the stress response is coming from the person’s physiology or body. The psychology and physiology are combining together to form this new approach of stress definition. He also stated that stress is all about individual. How individual perceive his environment and how he reacts to the stress. If he reacts in a positive way it is called eustress and if he reacts in a negative way it is called distress. For example, meeting or engaging in competitive sports is stressor but if it is taken as a eustress, it may motivate to win. 2.An endocrinologist named Selye (1976) developed a theory called general Adaptation Syndrome (G.A.S). This theory was the first that attempt to discuss the physiological response to stress. It was very influencing in the earlier stress research. It also alerted the medical field about the connexion between stress and disease. However there are many issues in this theory. Firstly the absence of psychological factors: Selye believe that the physiological responses to the stressors are very similar. In fact, the body response varies depending on the type of stressor individual has been exposed to. Take an example of Mason (1975) argued that the stress response depending in degree of how much anger, fear or uncertainty the stressor created in the body. Different stressors produce different. Mason’s studyShow MoreRelatedStress and Stress Management7440 Words   |  30 Pagesï » ¿Stress and stress management. by Suzanne M. Crampton , John W. Hodge , Jitendra M. Mishra , Steve Price Stress is found in all aspects of life. Hans Selye, a pioneer in stress research, has defined stress as the nonspecific response of the body to any demands made upon it (Kreitner Kinicki, 1992, p. 597). It is considered to be an internal state or reaction to anything we consciously or unconsciously perceive as a threat, either real or imagined (Clarke, 1988). Stress can evoke feelingsRead MoreEssay on Stress and Stress Management1494 Words   |  6 Pages Stress and stress management: What is stress and how to manage it ? Stress is defined as a force that tends to strain or deform (b) mental emotional or physical tension, strain or distress-(v) to put emphasis on (c ) to subject to strain or pressure. Stress is a unwanted feeling of emotions and physiological arousal that some experience in certain situations. Stress can mean different things to various people. People have said; â€Å"That stress can causeRead MoreHow Stress And Stress Management1319 Words   |  6 Pagesin which we have studied during the weeks of nine through eleven. I have selected to explore Stress and Stress Management more in depth. In this assignment I will explain what made me want to know more about it. I plan on telling you what you should know about Stress and Stress Management. Lastly, I will discuss how Stress and Stress Management relate to success in my personal and professional life. Stress can be defined as the nonspecific response of the body to any demand made on it (Lamberton Read MoreStress And Stress Management Strategies Essay1636 Words   |  7 PagesStress Management Strategy Stress is a factor that will show up in every single person’s life every now and then. Even though there are many are many adaptation strategies to cope with stressors, the best strategy will always be prevention. Since it is better to avoid bad outcomes before they happen, preventing stress is better than trying to control it once it is activated. â€Å"Stress prevention is basically about cultivating a balanced perspective towards one s life and place within the world.†Read MoreThe Effects Of Stress On Stress Management3217 Words   |  13 PagesAbstract Stress is part of life and can be negative or positive. While a person does not always have control over the stressors in one’s life, he or she does have control over how one chooses to handle them. Stress management is a key element to having a rewarding, pleasant life. Recognizing the signs of oncoming stress or stressful situations, using techniques to eliminate or minimize the stress, and accepting that stress is an everyday human experience can help a person better deal with the effectsRead MoreStress and Its Management1857 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿Stress Introduction Zajacova et al. (2005) state that stress refers to the non-specific response of the body, to anything that makes a person feels threatened or upset. Stress prepares the body to meet situations which are tough with focus, stamina and strength. It can be caused by positive or bad experiences. Stress is provoked by events called stressors. There are two kinds of stress. Negative stress (distress) and positive stress (eustress). Eustress affects our activities in a positive wayRead MoreManagement and Stress1712 Words   |  7 PagesStress CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Statement of the Research Problem How do you cope with stress in the workplace to achieve a more balanced lifestyle? Stress is a part of everybodys life. Depending on the level of stress, it can control our lives, especially in the workplace. We begin to spend several long hours at work, and thus have less time for other things. Stressed employees may be unhappy and thus produce nominally. Stress can deteriorate social and family relationships and eventuallyRead MoreStress Management3984 Words   |  16 Pagesthat the incidence of work-related stress increased dramatically in Australian organisations during the 1990s and early 2000s? Should employers be made responsible for dealing with the negative effects of work- related stress on their employees? If so how could they do this? Prepared for: Nick Foster Udam Wickremaratne 10571359 Occupational stress is a major news item, which has captured numerous headlines across the industrialized world and rightly so. Stress is reported to cost employers US$120Read MoreStress Management3995 Words   |  16 PagesTOPIC AT A GLANCE Topic Name: Managing Stress at Work Managing an over worked and stressed human resource have become a challenging and ever difficult task for today s managers. With a view to utilize the available human resource   thus minimizing costs and maximizing profits, today both managers and their subordinates have to coop with work related stress. This stress if it goes to certain extent without being controlled can affect the person s family/social life, health, performance etc andRead MoreStress Management2159 Words   |  9 PagesStress is a term used by many, is somewhat misunderstood, and often used to describe a negative condition or emotional state. People experience various forms of stress at home, work, in social settings, and when engaged in activities to simply have fun. Police officer#8217;s experience stresses the same as others, but also in ways much different than the average citizen. The dangers, violence, and tragedy seen by officers result in added levels of stress not experienced by the general populat ion

The Kite Runner - Literary Criticism Essay - 1444 Words

Danil Kukovitskiy The Kite Runner written by Khaled Hosseini can be seen as a great book but at the same time one that is too simple and easy. In discussions of The Kite Runner, one controversial issue has been the inner levels of the novel. On one hand, many people believe that the novel is filled with numerous themes that are deep and make one think about the human experience and will leave you thinking long after you finish reading it. On the other hand, there are also many literary critics who contend that opinion and say that the novel is overly sentimental and simplistic. The view I obtained while reading The Kite Runner would be in agreement with the first statement. I also believe that the novel is deep and makes one think†¦show more content†¦And even so, if the reader didn’t know anything before reading The Kite Runner they would still learn something, such as the way people treat each other there as they do in America, or the time period when the Russians came in, or as the Taliban took over. After all this the reader could go on to learn more if they want but Hosseini choose to write a story that would enchant the reader and keep him at the edge of their seats. Had Hosseini chosen to further elaborate on the story he could have only done it through historical content and facts. The plot that he wrote was enough to cover everything, he had figured that his readers coming to his book would already know the story of the exile of King Zahir Shah, of the Soviet invasion and the devastating civil war that followed, and the rise of the Taliban, since he had meant for people to read it when it was published in 2001. Another thing would be how he was vague about the culture and typical life in Afghanistan. Hosseini writes â€Å"Now if you were Americans, it wouldn’t matter. People here marry for love, family name and ancestry never come into the equation. They adopt that way too, as long as the baby is healthy, everyone is happy. But we are Afghans†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (188). He wrote enough that you could make guesses and he hinted at certain aspects such as customs that are oppressive to women, and the relations between Pashtuns and Hazaras. If y ou want to know more you would be able to research it onShow MoreRelatedEast of Eden vs the Kite Runner1261 Words   |  6 PagesThe desire for love and the need for acceptance can create more than a feeling of rejection. In East of Eden and The Kite Runner, many characters find the task of love daunting and insufficient to their expectations. Love presents itself in every aspect of both novels and therefore is a major theme. Whether it was love from family or lovers, both novels explore the idea of unrequited love and its consequences on the characters lifelong journeys. The theme of love is a major underlying causeRead More Differences that Divide Essay1201 Words   |  5 PagesThroughout most of human history, humans have had a tendency to judge people on the basis of clearly defined qualities, in an attempt to characterize and classify society into more easily understood â€Å"black and white† groups. In Khaled Hosseini’s The Kite Runner, the characters, representative of the surrounding cultures portrayed, frequently participate in acts of inclusion and exclusion on the basis of ethnicity, religion, and lifestyle as a means of dividing the population into clearly defined, mutuallyRead MoreMarxism in The Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini800 Words   |  3 Pages â€Å"Whoever controls the means of production in society controls the society.† (Martin) Marxism can be used to explain and inspect actions, characters, settings, and ideas in a multitude of texts. In the novel The Kite Runner written by Khaled Hosseini, the Marx ist views on the class system, religion, and the ownership of goods are prominent and introduce an interesting and captivating perspective to the story. The following questions are answered within this essay through the point of view of a Marxist:Read MoreEssay about Culture and Clashes in Kite Runner1625 Words   |  7 PagesOn Culture, Clashes, and Kite Running In his novel, The Kite Runner, Khaled Hosseini depicts his homeland Afghanistan as a host to many different cultures and classes, such as Pashtun and Hazara, Sunni and Shiite, with this dichotomy of beliefs and attributes being powerful enough to shape diverse, sometimes negative relationships amongst the characters of the novel and their behavior to each other, as well as establish that individual’s identity. Each person interprets the impact of the role ofRead MoreLiterary Criticism : The Free Encyclopedia 7351 Words   |  30 Pages Bildungsroman From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search In literary criticism, a Bildungsroman (German pronunciation: [ˈbÉ ªldÊŠÅ‹s.Ê oËÅ'maË n]; German: novel of formation, education, culture),[a] novel of formation, novel of education,[2] or coming-of-age story (though it may also be known as a subset of the coming-of-age story) is a literary genre that focuses on the psychological and moral growth of the protagonist from youth to adulthood (coming of age),[3]Read MoreGp Essay Mainpoints24643 Words   |  99 Pagesare increasingly finding their way onto the Internet, info digitized (google books) †¢ Much knowledge residing in books today that have not found their way onto the Internet (exclusive information) †¢ But†¦ Gutenberg Project transcribes old literary texts from all eras, posting them online for free †¢ Websites such as Questia and JSTOR store full academic journals, books, newspaper, magazines †¦ (portable too!) †¢ Also limits imposed by costs of publication, book cannot contain everythingRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pagesindicated that women tend to value care, relationships, and commitment more highly than do males. The Kohlberg model, which tends to emphasize justice as the highest moral value, is more typical of males than females, she claimed. Whereas Gilligan’s criticisms are somewhat controversial among researchers, they are less relevant to our discussion here because of our emphasis on the development of internalized principles for guiding behavior, whatever their basis. For our purposes in this chapter, the debate

Management Theories Scott Straughan Free Essays

Investigate the development of management as a theory and discipline. Asses the relevance of these theories to modern day managers and identify the key management skills that will be of importance to the manager of the millennium. For the purpose of this essay modern day manager shall mean managers of the present day. We will write a custom essay sample on Management Theories Scott Straughan or any similar topic only for you Order Now Management skills are skills that managers need to be good at there work. In this essay I will be investigating management theories at the start of this century, then looking at the progression of management up until the present day, this will include research carried out by a number of people which gave growth to HRM as we know it today. I will then identify key management skills in these theories and assess their relevance to today†s management, I will also identify the management skills required in today†s workforce. At the turn of the century there were a lot of important developments in management. Oil companies (standard oil trust) and (u.s. steel, the first 1 billion dollar company) were rapidly expanding. Smaller and medium sized companies had to improve efficiency in order to survive against the big giants. Frederick Winslow Taylor (1856-1915) began to look at the measurement of work, he broke down each task to find out how long it would take, he then planned ahead for numbers of workers wanted and what training they would need, he then decided what wages the workers were worth accordingly to what they accomplished. At the same time Henry ford (1896-1947) reduced his chassis assembly time from twelve and a half hours to ninety three minutes through using these methods. Managers were starting to plan ahead more to increase efficiency, as competition increased researchers began to look at other ways of improving efficiency even more, they started to look at the working environment. Elton mayo (1880-1949) carried out the ‘Hawthorne experiments†, they looked at relationships in the workplace and working conditions. Mayo found that peoples needs and attitudes had much more of an influence on productivity than the efficiency of the production line itself, this was called the human relations approach and is widely used today. The Hawthorne experiments looked at four areas :- 2. The relay assembly group experiments The purpose was to increase productivity. The illumination experiments looked at lighting and heating, mayo found even in poor working conditions productivity was still higher than average, the workers were working harder because someone was taking an interest in them. The relay assembly group experiments took six female workers and gave them there own separate areas to work in, they were given regular breaks and freedom to talk. The person who studied them also worked as their supervisor, the workers were consulted before any changes were made, and productivity was massively increased, again due to the fact someone was taking an interest in them. The bank wiring group studies involved fourteen male workers and was very similar to the relay assembly group experiments. Finally he carried out the interviewing program, this involved interviewing every worker (21,000 in total), they were asked about their opinion of the company they worked for and their attitudes towards their managers, the results were closely analysed afterwards. Mayo had found a way to increase productivity through better working relations and better working conditions. Productivity increased as a result of the following :- Due to better working relations groups of workers worked harder, but what about personnel motivation During the war most of the young men were fighting, managers had to keep up with an incredible demand, they were given older retired workers and women, women had never been widely employed in factories before this time. Managers looked to researchers to get the maximum effort out of workers. Abraham Maslow (1908-1970) argued people do not just work for money, but for basic needs such as shelter, food for survival, and higher needs such as self esteem and confidence. This is called Maslows hierarchy of needs, Maslow describes fives types of needs arranged in a hierarchy, Maslow assumed people always wanted more, one level should be the motivator to the next. 1. Physical needs – basic needs such as food, water, shelter, air, rest, and sex. 2. Safety needs – freedom from fear of threats, security and stability (pensions and healthcare) 3. Social needs – the need for acceptance within a group, friendship, love affection and comfort when feeling down. 4. Esteem needs – the need for achievement and recognition, respect for yourself. Managers can achieve this through training and development. 5. Self actualisation needs – the need for a person to achieve their full potential, accomplishment and growth. Not everyone meets these needs through work, some might gain them through social activities with friends, and an activity such as playing in a football team may achieve this. However some people are happy after achieving the first level and are not motivated to the next level, while others strive to improve themselves, this was the flaw in Maslows theory. More researchers began to look at HRM, there was still a lot to be discovered, Maslow had started the work and now more people were following in his footsteps, they started to look at positive thinking and the way management treated workers. Douglas McGregor (1906-1964) looked at traditional management styles compared to newer ones, these were called theory x and theory y. He found old methods assumed people did not want to work, had to be closely supervised and did not take much pride in their work, this was called theory x, theory y was completely the opposite and argued people did want to work and got a lot of satisfaction from taking pride in their work. McGregor argued â€Å"if you treat workers as responsible and intelligent people who want to work, that is the way they will behave†. He also looked at achievers and successful people and suggested these people took responsibility for their work and set themselves moderate achievable goals, low achievers came from poor cultural backgrounds, poor education and felt they could not achieve any goals they set, they could however be achievers through training and development. we have looked at the development of management from the early 1900†³s up until present day. All management styles traditional or modern focus on efficiency and productivity. Traditional management includes bureaucratic management which relies very much on rules, procedures, discipline and hierarchy, this causes a clear division between workers and management and causes low productivity. Scientific management focused on the â€Å"one best way† to do a job and did not take into account that workers know how to do their work better than management, again this method causes low productivity. Modern day managers have regular meeting with staff to discuss any problems they have, and identify help where it is needed. This is Japanese style management e which emphasizes on HRM and increasing productivity, modern management still uses a lot of traditional theories though. Technology is rapidly changing management with the introduction of computers, global communications and the Internet. The skills a modern day manager needs are changing as rapid as technology, the workplace is becoming more informal where we socialise as well as work. Traditional management was strict with rules and authority which workers were afraid of, there was no contact between management and workers and it seemed they both had completely different goals to achieve. Companies now work together as a teem with a common goal of increasing profit. Modern day managers are flexible to meet employees needs, they motivate and encourage workers to succeed, they have confidence, charisma and are patient. Managers should posses counselling skills and nurture there workers, this is a more feminine approach and are called soft skills. Do modern day managers bear any relevance to traditional skills Although traditional management styles seem prehistoric compared to today they are still relevant, Maslows hierarchy of needs can be compared to the corporate ladder, more people choose careers instead of just a job. Mayo†s Hawthorne experiments eventually led to laws being made on working conditions (Health and safety at work act). McGregor†s theory x and theory y, all managers now assume people want to work and take pride in it to. If asked which is the most relevant I would argue Maslow, most people can relate to his theories as the corporate ladder and I feel it is widely used now as a personnel motivator for employees. As the millennium approaches managers are forming even closer links with employees with the use of soft skills. Companies invest a lot of money in training of staff and can receive grants from the government for this purpose, appraisals are now widely used to coach and motivate staff. Managers are empowering workers more to supervise themselves and be responsible for their own workload, this is partly because more people are working from home with new technology. Business is now thriving thanks to the work of researchers at the start of the century. How to cite Management Theories Scott Straughan, Essay examples

Theories of Learning Teacher Student Realtionship in the Classroom or Clinical Setting free essay sample

Learning theorists: Koffka, Kohler,  Lewin, Piaget, Ausubel,Bruner, Gagne View of the learning process: Internal mental process (including insight, information processing, memory, perception Locus of learning: Internal cognitive structuring Purpose in education: Develop capacity and skills to learn better Educator’s role: Structures content of learning activity Manifestations in adult learning: Cognitive development; Intelligence, learning and memory as function of age; Learning how to learn B. HUMANIST Learning theorists: Maslow,  Rogers View of the learning process: A personal act to fulfil potential. Locus of learning: Affective and cognitive needs Purpose in education: Become self-actualized, autonomous Educator’s role: Facilitates development of the whole person Manifestations in adult learning: Andragogy; Self-directed learning C. SOCIAL AND SITUATIONAL Learning theorists: Bandura,  Lave and Wenger, Salomon View of the learning process: Interaction /observation in social contexts. Movement from the periphery to the centre of a community of practice Locus of learning: Learning is in relationship between people and environment. Purpose in education: Full participation in communities of practice and utilization of resources Educator’s role: Works to establish communities of practice in which conversation  and participation can occur. Manifestations in adult learning: Socialization; Social participation; Associationalism; Conversation REFERENCE: Merriam, S. and Caffarella (1991, 1998)  Learning in Adulthood. A comprehensive guide, San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. 2. WHAT ARE THE THEORIES OF LEARNING DO YOU THINK HAVE BEEN APPLIED BY YOUR PAST TEACHERS? There are many different types of learning theories that are used to help guide individuals through the teaching and or learning process. After reviewing the different theories of learning, I was able to found out that all of these theories was been utilized by my past teachers. All of my instructors from the primary education up to the present in the graduate program apply behavioral theory in terms of providing positive reinforcements after an appropriate response. Positive reinforcements are verbal praise, good grades, and prizes. For example, way back on my elementary days I always study hard to get high grades and be on the top students in our class for me to receive a praise from my dad because I always want him to be proud of me although I know my parents will buy me a material thing as a reward for my hard work. In this situation my behavior was shaped through a positive reinforcement and this will increase the probability that the antecedent behavior will happen again. After my primary education, then here comes high school, college and masters where students rely on themselves for answers. I noticed that there was a shift of method our teacher handle our learning. They usually employ cognitivism, wherein the students construct knowledge rather than acquiring it. Teachers use visual aids and physical objects to reinforce concepts. We are pushed to think critically and build on concepts we have already learned since cognitivism implies discovery learning. When I choose nursing as my college course I saw situational learning theory which involves participation in a community of my practice where we learn from observing other people. Initially as nursing students have to undergo on the job training and be circulated in different areas of the hospital and also at the community setting to learn at the periphery. Even before acquiring the nurse staff position, one must undergo a trainee or preceptorship and as we become more competent we move more to the centre of the particular position. In this event shows learning is not seen as the acquisition of knowledge by individuals so much as a process of  social  participation. The nature of the  situation  impacts significantly on the process. As can be seen from my above experiences from my past teachers, these approaches involve contrasting ideas as to the purpose and process of learning and education and the role of the educators. It is also important to recognize that the theories may apply to different sectors of the learning acquisition process. 3. HOW IMPORTANT IS A TEACHER STUDENT REALTIONSHIP IN THE CLASSROOM OR CLINICAL SETTING? In the classroom environment  and clinical setting the  interpersonal relationship between clinical instructor and  students is an important element contributing to the learning process of  students. Clinical instructors who foster positive relationships with their students create a clinical environments more conducive to learning and meet nursing students’ developmental, emotional and academic needs. A positive relationship between the student and the educator is difficult to establish, but can be found for both individuals at either end. The ways for a positive relationship can vary according to different learning experience. A clinical instructor and nursing student who have the qualities of good communications, respect in a classroom, and show interest in teaching from the point of view of the instructor and learning from the student will establish a positive relationship in the classroom and clinical setting. In relation to the article entitled â€Å"The Relationship Between Clinical Instructor Characteristics and Student Perceptions of Clinical Instructor Effectiveness? nursing students does not see the association of the clinical instructors professional qualifications as being indicator of becoming a more effective teacher and as an educator who can provide a more satisfying clinical experience. According to the study professional development of  their clinical instructor is not a means of improving their classroom learning  environment. The challenge of clinical teaching is to transform novice nursing students to practicing nurses. The teaching-learning relationship is complex and its effectiveness depends upon the teaching and learning styles of the instructor and student. Clinical instructors with professional behaviors will facilitate clinical learning. Clinical teaching excellence could not only be achieved by acquiring professional qualifications but also by having positive interpersonal relationships with students that shows confidence, respect, support and accessibility, with effective communicative and collaborative skills. | | | | | | | |