Analysing Organisational Behaviour of British Airways

Analysing Organisational Behaviour of British Airways This aim of this assignment to focus and analyse Organisational Behavior at British Airways. This assignment begins with summarizing the procedures used by it to motivate its employees and make them work as team towards the achievement of organizational goal. The purpose states that the study of the module Organisational Behavior needs to be applied in fundamental front by providing significant procedure to the company chosen and revise the employees value in the organisation. The assignment comprises of factors which are necessary for an organization to develop which are factors of Leadership, Motivation, spreading team effectiveness in the organization through the different channels of communication and use of different theories at different levels of the organization for its smooth functioning. To help the organisation in rebuilding its reputation, recommendations has been given and conclusion is been drawn. INTRODUCTION British Airways is the major airline which proposals the flights facilities added to 550 destinations. Customers can choose from first class, business, best and economy class. A facility comes a long way since that first flight. British Airways bids food services and a collection of amusing options counting movies, TV, games, and music. British Airways is the airline company of the United Kingdom. It has its headquarter in Waterside which is near its main hub at London Heathrow Airport and as found it is the biggest airline of UK on the record basis of number of international flights and international destinations it has. Its second hub is London Gatwick Airport. The British Airways Group was designed in 1974, September 1. BA was formed by the merger of two large London-based airlines, British Overseas Airways Corporation (BOAC) and British European Airways Corporation (BEA), and two much smaller airlines, Cambrian Airways Cardiff and Northeast Airlines Newcastle upon Tyne. Only BA was one of the two airlines to operate the supersonic Aerospatiale-BAC Concorde capitalizing the worlds first supersonic service in January 1976 for the passengers. British Airways is registered on the London Stock Exchange (as BAY) and is a component of the FTSE 100 Index. On 31 March 2009 the airline renowned its 35th anniversary. On 12 November 2009, British Airways established that it had grasped a preliminary contract to combine with Iberia Airlines. The joined airline become the worlds third-largest carrier (after Delta Air Lines and American Airlines) in terms of annual report income. (http://www.britishairways.com) METHODS OF EVALUATING THE ORGANISATION LEADERSHIP Leadership is the process of influencing the activities of an organized group in its efforts toward goal-setting and goal achievement (Huczynski and Buchanan, 2007). Leaders impact our daily lives and futures. In good times and bad, there is always a need for strong leadership. The leaders determine the success of a business or an industry it chooses or inherits. How does someone earn the designation of being a great leader? History and current experiences provide guidance on how one might develop the abilities demonstrated by respected leaders. LEADERSHIP AT BA British Airways need great leaders to help its struggle with current trading conditions and achieve its long-term vision. A leading global best airline need be courageous and highly actual in emerging present and possible leaders. BA has introduced its High Performance Leadership (HPL) system during the year. This is system combined, business strategy linking, performance appraisal, growth and reward. Motivated the senior leaders primarily, HPL has demanding valuation instruments to identify gifted leaders and to provide them with the right tools and support to continue developing. BA well-defined, connected and initiated to degree of individual performance. For every ability, exact behaviors have been established so that leaders can know exactly what are the expectations and BA is supportive up to a range of expansion program, with executive coaching, systems, opportunities and outside courses. BA is also using new methods to quality of performance. These will allow BA to monitor progress of individual and path the overall accomplishment at supervision talent. Among the other leadership creativeness BA have initiated: Behaviors for Success it deals with the development program of leadership for the community of HPL, concentrating on sympathetic and emerging leadership performance of personal Leadership Matters a structure to identify and improve a leaders who have crucial roles in the Customer life and Actions areas of business of British Airways. A Leadership Development Portfolio this will be announce this year with the purpose of secondary existing and probable leaders of business at every level which includes the developing leaders. Case study To be in progressively competitive market, BA strong-minded operate to stand out from its challengers by recapturing the status for service leadership which it enjoyed in the 1990s. BA have hurled a planned marketing campaign by inviting customers to experience the difference and promote BA, BA standard that the key to bringing this aptitude in the air lay in the hands of 4,000 on-board cabin crew managers. To re-engage this precarious team of leaders the company should find some definite ways, it distinguished that all cabin crew would be released with its full potential, leading to inspiring the service knowledge of all customers of BA. To develop its leadership BA selected in 2007, NKD which was set to work producing an stimulating programme called Leadership Matters, merging with the latest leadership styles with practical methods for cabin crew managers to use in daily activities. The project initiated with an concentrated Discovery period where it was discovered through a series of centre groups: The productions from this phase manufactured the grounds upon which the whole progress programme was built: Once the programme was overall through with the aims, cabin crew managers were asked to the central part of Leadership Matters an appealing and reviving workshop for two days. The workshops themselves were intended to give leaders space and interval to consider their leadership style and the impression they have on their teams and customers. The energetic events aimed to attract the on-board leaders, and improve their skills as real as 21st Century leaders should possess. Every aspect of the workshops design the choice and presentation of the learning venue, event invites, the learning content itself, film, event materials and the style of facilitation was consistent with the BA service promise and the key traits of  Modern Leadership. The result of this program were early indications suggest that Leadership Matters is proving a great success. Satisfaction ratings from delegates average an impressive 5.8 out of 6. The programme is successfully reconnecting leaders with the essence of their role and providing them with new skills and confidence to become effective Modern Leaders. (http://www.nkdlearning.co.uk/case-studies/british-airways-case-study/) MOTIVATION The history of motivational study has seen the rise of differing, but not equally exclusive methods to motivation. There are many challenging theories which endeavour to explain the landscape of motivation. Such theories are all at least to some extent true, and help clarify the behaviour of firm people at certain times. But, the study for a comprehensive theory of motivation at work seems ineffective. All the theories existing here have their critics but still any theory or study which helps in understanding of how best to motivate people at work must be beneficial. Even though there is no one single answer, as a group the different theories deliver a framework within which we can try to answer the query of how best to motivate individuals at work. We are therefore left to critic the relevance of these diverse theories, to a specific work situation ( Blane, ND). (http://www.examstutor.com/business/resources/studyroom/people_and_organisations/motivation_theory/index.php) TECHNIQUES USED BY BA TO MOTIVATE ITS EMPLOYEES Workplace BA endeavour to provide a working environment that will engages, supports, engages and develops its employees. The key factor of BA workplace pillar is to motivate its employees to be dedicated towards their  duty as they are the ones who make the airline run and BA require them on the board till the journeys end. BA diversity and inclusion team has established a plan for the company that encourages all the employees with the aim of identifying aptitude and encouraging flexible rational. This plan is reinforced and united into all sections over BA senior level promoters and defenders. This in opportunity will identify and meet the varied needs of Ba employees. Another strategy BA have set up is for conflict and harassment resolution. To formulate this strategy BA has hired a total of 50 advisors and mediators employed across British Airways to make a culture where self-respect and admiration are trademarks of relationships at work, and where nuisance or mistreatment are not allowed to be abided. Rewards and recognition BA knows that what is the importance of reward in making it a great business holder to work. BA is very much dedicated in building an environment where BA employees feel valued and are known fairly in the organization for making their contribution in the organization individually. British Airways deals with two types of principal funded defined benefit pension schemes in the UK, the Airways Pension Scheme (APS) and the New Airways Pension Scheme (NAPS). From April 1, 2003, new employees were allowed to join the British Airways Retirement Plan (BARP). Smart Pension measures, which allow BA UK-based employees to make their pension contributions in a more tax well-organized way, were presented in early 2008. Around 90 per cent of those employees who are entitled are now benefiting from this arrangement. One of the main aim of BA is to provide total reward packages for its employees which will inspire them in high performance and exceptional customer service throughout the business However, BA substituted its grade based reward scheme for managers with a new broad band system which links rewards more closely to individual performance and ability. On the other hand BA Bravo recognition scheme allows it to distinguish people across their business for their hard work and attainments. Improved training In simple terms, training and development refers to the imparting of specific skills, abilities and knowledge to an employee. A formal definition of training development is, it is any attempt to improve current or future employee performance by increasing an employees ability to perform through learning, usually by changing the employees attitude or increasing his or her skills and knowledge (Rao, 2009). Rao, D.(2009), HRM-Training and Development, June, MBAguys.net[Online] Available at: http://www.mbaguys.net/t2217/ Accessed on: 1st December] In the last year we delivered 235,000 days of training. We also welcomed some 3,100 people into the company which required a high level of induction training and a refresh for our new entrant training programmes. BA has established several training centre for its employees where they are been trained not practically but mentally too. BA invest more effectively in the development of its employees to build both their skills and educational standards for this it has opened several vocational study centres. With the help of these centres all new applicant of cabin crew can now achieve an NVQ  Level  2 stipulation on accomplishment of their training which is comparable to 4 GCSEs. Leadership development Leadership is a major main concern for BA, for which BA have established a number of platforms to improve the competence and presentation of its leaders. This comprises of a day plan for all leaders, called Leading  the  Business, which emphases on the experiments of managing variation, pleasing employees and bringing results to support the business plan. BA have also advanced a leadership website to deliver information and training resources to provision managers with all aspects of their characters. BA now mainly focus on talent and leadership expansion over the coming year as BA shape the ability it need for development. (http://www.britishairways.com) Abraham.H.Maslow  published A Theory of Human Motivation in 1943. In this work he argued that people are  wanting / needing beings. As such we always want more, and what we want depends on what we already have. Maslow suggested human needs can be arranged into a series of levels, a  hierarchy  of importance. Abraham Maslows Hierarchy of Needs Maslows theory of motivation is the theory which deals with the aspects of people needs in the place where they work. The theory describes about the unfulfilled needs of the employees which leads to conflicts in the organization. The structure of this theory is basically like a pyramid having five different sections of different needs. These are the basic needs of the people working which are need to be fulfilled so they can develop themselves as well as the company they working in, The levels are: Physiological Needs: It is the basic need of the people, it deals with the aspects like food, shelter, clothes, water in order to survive. People expect decent pay from where they work so they can fulfill their basic needs. Safety Needs: It is the need which is concerned with the physical, survival or sense of security. In workplaces people expect high standard of work, safety and security, intervals of rest, pension and medical treatment from the company. Social Needs : It deals with the aspects of love and affection. In workplaces people work hard and they form groups in which they require friendship. giving respect to each other and providing social facilities and friendly environment. Self-Esteem : It is one of the major factor of Maslows Theory of motivation as it speaks about ones self-respect. This means getting respect from others, feeling valued, having confidence and giving rewards for better performance in the company. Self-Actualisation: It deals with the full potential of people. It describes the needs of people working like have challenging jobs, opportunities for creativity, achievement in work promotion. Maslows Hierarchy of Needs USE OF MASLOW THEORY OF MOTIVATION AT BA Self-Actualisation needs: BA is fulfilling this need of its employees by giving them challenging jobs and providing them with training so they can develop their skills and perform well in their field of work and gain progress. Self esteem needs: BA is satisfying its employees this need by giving them job titles, position in the company and receiving feedbacks of job. Social needs: BA fulfils this need of its employees by making them work in groups and motivate them to work as a team. BA also organises cultural programs in the company for the employees where they can interact with each other and form social groups. Safety needs: for this need BA has introduced several pension plans where employees will be provided with pension after their retirement and bonuses at present time.BA has introduced free medical centres for its employees. Physiological need: BA fulfils this need of its employees by providing them with proper working conditions and paying them well according to their performance. Team effectiveness at BA Each colleague through the company together forms British  Airways and therefore must work together to accomplish the organizational vision and goal. Diversity and inclusion British Airways is very pleased to be one of the business organization that salutes and nurtures variances. Diversity and inclusion one are of the method of life for British Airways. The main emphasis of BA has been on developing its Dignity at Working strategy to reduce provocation and mistreatment in the workplace. BA has selected and skilled Provocation Advisors from across the world of business ,in response to their employees requests for people they can approach privately about any issues they may have and try to solve them. The advisors behaves as a listening ear to the employees and provide them with the guidance and practical knowledge. BA consults with its disabled employee group to identify disability issues and help them to ensure that they are making all BA products, services and training fully comprehensive and available. All the employees are trained in incapacity awareness to increase their awareness about the all disabled employees and customers. BA has also introduced a Building Ability strategy system to classify and encourage the needs of disabled customers and employees. BA frequently look at how it can progress the voyage of knowledge for the disabled customers and for the first time BA has conducted detailed customer research to classify areas for development. In July 2008, 522 members of the British Paralympics Association moved to Beijing for the Paralympic Games, providing BA with important trainings which BA can interpret into day-to-day practice. Generally, BA Pride at Work strategy comprises of process training, communications and workshops across the business which are helpful in development of BA as well as its employees. Colleague involvement BA certifies that all its colleagues are to be kept well knowledgeable about the working of its Company, customers and industry by using inclusive internal communications technique. BA gives priority to Face-to-face communication and run regular updates across the Company so that more people can interact at a time, share ideas with senior and line managers. BA also run workshops which are helpful for the managers in communicating and making key statements and also online forums and an online Ideas which can exchange to inspire wider discussion. On the Other hand BA has introduced online communication channels for the colleagues. (http://www.britishairways.com) Team Effectiveness Theory used by BA McGregors Theory X and Theory Y The motivation of employees is generally the accountability of the manager. After  McGregors study- The Human Side of Management recommends that two styles of  employee exist, each retaining different needs. Theory X- expresses a negative sight of human nature, depicting employees as lethargic, unambitious people who loathing work and need to be measured through sentence. Theory Y- discusses that employees are not money motivated but increase recompense from the job itself. Theory Y grants employees as self-disciplined, work obliged people who desire accountability and inspired fulfillment. British Airways has adopted style of Theory Y to improve its Team effectiveness. Evidently Theory X and Theory Y workers will respond in conflicting means to altered management efforts to increase Team effectiveness. The Theory X employee is more expected to react to financial encouragements, so BA focus less on these types of employees and Theory Y employees are encouraged by job enhancement, job expansion, job rotation and superiority control groups which leads the company into the directions of success that is why BA focuses mainly on these types of employees and provide them with bonuses, pensions, training of working in groups as a team. Theory X  would lead BA towards falling in the area of better service. Communication To effectively communicate, we must realize that we are all different in the way we perceive the world and use this understanding as a guide to our communication with others. Anthony Robbins quotes  (American  advisor to leaders) Communication is the process of sending a message through a channel and receiving the feedback from the same medium. COMMUNICATION AT BRITISH AIRWAYS BAs strategy is reproduced in its mission statement, i.e. To be the undisputed leader in world travel. BAs communication strategy makes use of different IT communication system with different programs guarantee smooth running of the operations. The information system is accountable (Britishairwaysjobs.com, Undated).for all the working of It through BA groups and plays a crucial role in modelling the airline in future. British Airways symbols practice of Corporate Communications that is the global reputation of organisations manager and confirms that all concerned parties are awake of the airlines expansions and news. Corporate Communication is accountable of the airlines Intranet satisfied, which is one of the key networks used in care of mobile staff and providing with the latest newscast and strategies. British Airways has a distant employee population that is frequently travelling in all angles through the world. Regardless of this task, BA employees are well connected via the companys Intranet; presence in the sky, airports or on highways. BA also presented the Employee Self Service (ESS) project to deliver tools that agree staff worldwide to accomplish their own day-to-day management over the web (Computing, 2001). Corporate Communications is too responsible in the production of BA News, a weekly newspaper which is spread to its employees and team players. A protected, healthy and dependable 247 through the world IT procedure is used to guarantee an improved teamwork (networking) and communication channel; leading finished communication. BA another important channel of communication is IP Technology. Communication channel has a powerful tool of Advertisement. A sum of professional communications agencies are organised to distribute the airlines key communications to customers and media of BA operates in more than 80 countries Another important BA communication channel is BA Media. The sales arm of the communication channels for British Airways Media presented by Britains premier airline brand. The communications setting that BA Media bids is both exclusive and ever growing, giving an opening to reach its audience. BA Media is responsible in the production of Business in fields like TV, Magazines, Marketing material lounges, Radio magazines etc. (http://www.britishairways.com) RECOMMENDATION It appears that the main cause of the difficulties faced by British Airways is owed to the unplanned management variations executed. The problems also rise because of the insufficient knowledge of its management about the procedure of planned management and new management structures. It can be observed as a set of theories structures designed to describe the factors essential for the performance of organisations and to support managers in thinking about motivating, leadership, planning ,communication techniques and team effectiveness for the development of the employees as well as the organisation. These can be accomplished through: Reduce introduction to unprofitable sections of the market while taking strides to maintain and progress upon the effectiveness of its system. The recruitment process at BA is very time consuming due to the large number of candidates applying, the company must enhance a quicker decision making system or standard. BA should appoint more good inspirational leaders so the employees can get motivated. BA must concentrate upon the employees who are not working up to their mark and avoiding working in groups, it should adopt some strategy to motivate them and make them work in groups which will help in improving team effectiveness. The company should get in touch with their clients when they have some promotional offers. BA should have more of the customer service and loyalty programs it creates an atmosphere of self-awareness in the organisation among the employees. Conclusion British Airways remains carefully enthusiastic about its future projections. However, it is convinced that significantly more work lies in the future if the airline is to be successful. The motivation and commitment of employees is the significant for the accomplishment of British Airways. It has been verified that there is a clear link between employee motivation by leaders and customer contentment. The role of the People in the Division is to make sure that people within British Airways are well accomplished so that employee motivation remains high, leading to better customer service through the means of proper training and communication channel adopted by leaders in flat functioning of the organization. The Department is systematized into central expert units with People and Organization Distribution units who work alongside each section managers in British Airways. Lot of advantages has been taken to uphold motivation and self-confidence of employees after the redundancy period. Redundant employees were aided to find alternative employment. For the present employees, Bravo is the company acknowledgement scheme, providing people leaders with a means of identifyin g the contributions of teams and individuals. There is a advice-giving and participative method with the unions. It is the leaders of the organization who takes these initiatives to notify the remaining employees as more than just survivors. However, to solve such problems in relations of having good employee relationship and customer relationship the organisation brings back its strategy of Putting People First as Putting People First Again. In addition, the organisation also offers the updated course to all BA employees.

John Miltons Paradise Lost Essay -- Epic Biblical Poems Blind Faith E

John Milton's Paradise Lost Freedom (free will) is the absence of imposed behavior. Individual freedom is obviously attractive, but when there is real freedom of choice, the wrong choice is the one that is made - such as the choice made by Satan who although he can be admired for his having dared to rebel against the norm, is not heroic for having chosen to plot against God. Free will was given to man in order to be able to choose the faith since in the absence of free will, there is no way to test faith. The more tested we are, the closer we are to God although whether we truly exercise free will is questionable since perhaps it is simply enforced via the threat of punishment upon transgression. In any event, despite the sanctions, man continues to disobey. Paradise Lost begins in medias res, i.e. in the middle of the action and from line 1, the association is made to the consequences of sinning (disobedience). Such is the responsibility of free will. The motivation to sin is the associated pleasure of fulfilling individual desires. Disobedience leads directly to punishment. It is important to note however that there is no fulfilment with transgression since the feelings associated with this fulfilment disappear before they can even be apprehended while the punishment lasts. Milton surely knew all about since as a puritan, he was a great believer of penance. It was also believed by Protestants at the time that without deprivation during life, there was no ascent to Heaven upon death. Satan's flaw in one word was pride. For any true protestant, this is a terrible sin since any achievement is directly attributable to God and not to the man in question. Milton identifies pride as the cardinal sin b... ...ms throughout Paradise Lost that this simple equation might work : since God is good and Charles II can be compared to God then logically it can be deducted that he is also good. Conversely, in the poem, we arrive at the conclusion that Satan is bad and this time, since milton compares cromwell to Satan then it would seem logical to deduce that cromwell is also bad. However, this equation does not hold up to close inspection and in this way, it is evident that in fact, this is a test since we should properly analyse the facts and not simply accept things at face value because they seem right. He encourages us to make our own investiations and make informed, knowledgable decisions. Consequently, it cannot be simply stated that all monarchs are good since such sweeping statements are false and it is primordial to properly examine each separate individual.

British and Chinese Contemporary Media

The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) and China Central Television (CATV) are the two popular media owning millions of audiences in the world. For years, they have been making efforts to adopt new technology, new techniques and new means for developing high standard programmer. However, mainly due to different social structures and different cultural background between China and the I-J, the BBC and CATV also have several differences in governors, funding resources and channel designs. In this essay, the background of the BBC and CATV will be briefly introduced, allowed by an analysis of their similarities and differences.The BBC is the main public service broadcaster in the ASK. It was formed in October 1922 by a group of leading wireless manufacturers (History of the BBC, 2005). Currently, the Corporation comprises 9 1-J-wide Television Channels (See Appendix 1) and 10 1-J-wide Radio Stations. With its vision as to be the most creative, trusted organization in the world, the B BC provides a wide range of distinctive programmer and services for its viewers and listeners (Purpose and Values, 2005). CATV which was established in 1958, is the national TV network of the People'sRepublic of China. Presently, CATV has 16 channels broadcasting various programmer (See Appendix 2). The coverage of CATV-I reaches over 94. 4% of the total population of China, with the number of viewers exceeding 1. 15 billion (Profile CATV, 2005). The corporation has been serving as a window for Chinese people to understand the world better and for the world to get a better understanding of China. As the two authoritative media in the world, the BBC and CATV have made enormous contribution to people's life and cultures. There are some similarities in them.Firstly, tooth of them provide a comprehensive rage of programmer analogously or digitally in order to satisfy the needs of their users. Besides, with the development of modern technology, they are trying to use internet to propagan dist their programmer. Both of them have their own websites containing various contents such as programmer schedules, news, and contact methods. In addition, they also respect their users. Both of them are glad to listen to public comments and regularly consult users in order to improve their work. However, the two media also have some differences.First of all, CATV is run by the central government of the People's Republic of China. On the other hand, the Bib's activities are currently governed by a Royal Charter – a document that shapes the BBC, defining its objectives and functions. It is supported by the Agreement between the BBC and the Government, which sets out how the BBC will meet its general obligations, the services it will provide, and the standards it will meet (Your BBC Your Say, 2005). Whereas CATV serves its political role first, the BBC tends to represent the public interest and be free of political bias.Furthermore, CATV is mainly funded by advertisements, wh ereas the BBC is funded by public subscription in the form of a License fee. CATV viewers do not need to pay for its programmer, but they need to watch a lot of advertisements during programmer. Advertisements during golden time such as the time after the CATV News help CATV generate huge amounts of revenues. According to the latest data, CATV gained 8. 5 billion ARM from advertisements in 2005 (Profile CATV, 2005). The BBC, on the other hand, obtains its revenues mainly from license payers.It received EH,940 million in science fees in the latest audited financial year 2004/2005 (Annual report 2004/05, 2005). The license fee guarantees that a wide range of high quality programs can be made available unrestricted to everyone and helps support production skills, training, and local or minority programmer (Plans, Policies and Reports, 2005). Besides, the absence of commercial pressures allows programmer planners to be in direct contact with the needs and expectations of the general pub lic (Christopher 1999, p. 106).A majority of the BBC users prefer paying license fees rather than itching advertisements, and over 52% of users surveyed held the opinion that the BBC would lose its independence if it relied on advertising or sponsorship (Review of the Bib's Royal Charter: A strong BBC, independent of government, 2005). Because of this distinguishing characteristic, compared with CATV, BBC may care more about license payers when deciding its future, and could be more independent of commercial interests. Although both the BBC and CATV are providing a wide rage of programmer for audiences, they still differ in the TV channel designs.It seems that CATV focuses such on the status of the audiences. For instance, it launches three international channels in four languages for foreigners and oversea Chinese. In contrast, the BBC lays stress on viewers' life cycle. It designs channels according to different age groups: Scabbiest is for children under the six, CAB is for child ren from six to twelve, BBC 3 is for youth from 16 to 34, and News 24 focuses on audiences above 55 (Yang, 2004). The difference in channel designs shows the different strategies in their market segmentations, which may be resulted by different roles they play and efferent users they face.

Biography of Ernest Lawrence, Inventor of the Cyclotron

Biography of Ernest Lawrence, Inventor of the Cyclotron Ernest Lawrence (August 8, 1901–August 27, 1958) was an American physicist who invented the cyclotron, a device used to accelerate charged particles in a spiral pattern with the help of a magnetic field. The cyclotron and its successors have been integral to the field of high-energy physics. Lawrence received the 1939 Nobel Prize in Physics for this invention. Lawrence also played an essential role in the Manhattan Project, procuring much of the uranium isotope used in the atomic bomb launched on Hiroshima, Japan. In addition, he was notable for advocating government sponsorship of large research programs, or Big Science. Fast Facts: Ernest Lawrence Occupation: PhysicistKnown For: Winner of the 1939 Nobel Prize in Physics for the invention of the cyclotron; worked on the Manhattan ProjectBorn: August 8, 1901 in Canton, South DakotaDied: August 27, 1958 in Palo Alto, CaliforniaParents: Carl and Gunda LawrenceEducation: University of South Dakota (B.A.), University of Minnesota (M.A.), Yale University (Ph.D.)Spouse: Mary Kimberly (Molly) BlumerChildren: Eric, Robert, Barbara, Mary, Margaret, and Susan Early Life and Education Ernest Lawrence was the eldest son of Carl and Gunda Lawrence, who were both educators of Norwegian ancestry. He grew up around people who went on to become successful scientists: his younger brother John collaborated with him on the medical applications of the cyclotron, and his childhood best friend Merle Tuve was a pioneering physicist. Lawrence attended Canton High School, then studied for a year at Saint Olaf College in Minnesota before transferring to the University of South Dakota. There, he earned his bachelor’s degree in chemistry, graduating in 1922. Initially a premed student, Lawrence switched to physics with the encouragement of Lewis Akeley, a dean and a professor of physics and chemistry at the university. As an influential figure in Lawrence’s life, Dean Akeley’s picture would later hang on the wall of Lawrence’s office, a gallery that included notable scientists such as Niels Bohr and Ernest Rutherford. Lawrence earned his master’s degree in physics from the University of Minnesota in 1923, then a Ph.D. from Yale in 1925. He remained at Yale for three more years, first as a research fellow and later assistant professor, before becoming an associate professor at the University of California, Berkeley in 1928. In 1930, at the age of 29, Lawrence became a full professor at Berkeley- the youngest-ever faculty member to hold that title. Inventing the Cyclotron Lawrence came up with the idea of the cyclotron after poring over a diagram in a paper written by the Norwegian engineer Rolf Wideroe. Wideroes paper described a device that could produce high-energy particles by â€Å"pushing† them back and forth between two linear electrodes. However, accelerating particles to high enough energies for study would require linear electrodes that were too long to contain within a laboratory. Lawrence realized that a circular, rather than linear, accelerator could employ a similar method to accelerate charged particles in a spiral pattern. Lawrence developed the cyclotron with some of his first graduate students, including Niels Edlefsen and M. Stanley Livingston. Edlefsen helped develop the first proof-of-concept of the cyclotron: a 10-centimeter, circular device made of bronze, wax, and glass. Subsequent cyclotrons were larger and capable of accelerating particles to higher and higher energies. A cyclotron roughly 50 times bigger than the first was completed in 1946. It required a magnet that weighed 4,000 tons and a building that was about 160 feet in diameter and 100 feet tall. Manhattan Project During World War II, Lawrence worked on the Manhattan Project, helping to develop the atomic bomb. The atomic bomb required the â€Å"fissionable† isotope of uranium, uranium-235, and needed to be separated from the much more abundant isotope uranium-238. Lawrence proposed that the two could be separated because of their small mass difference, and developed working devices called â€Å"calutrons† that could separate the two isotopes electromagnetically. Lawrence’s calutrons were used to separate out uranium-235, which was then purified by other devices. Most of the uranium-235 in the atomic bomb that destroyed Hiroshima, Japan was obtained using Lawrence’s devices. Later Life and Death After World War II, Lawrence campaigned for Big Science: massive government spending on large scientific programs. He was part of the U.S. delegation at the 1958 Geneva Conference, which was an attempt to suspend the testing of atomic bombs. However, Lawrence became ill while at Geneva and returned to Berkeley, where he died one month later on August 27, 1958. After Lawrences death, the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory were named in his honor. Legacy Lawrence’s largest contribution was the development of the cyclotron. With his cyclotron, Lawrence produced an element that did not occur in nature, technetium, as well as radioisotopes. Lawrence also explored the cyclotron’s applications in biomedical research; for example, the cyclotron could produce radioactive isotopes, which could be used to treat cancer or as tracers for studies in metabolism. The cyclotron design later inspired particle accelerators, such as the synchrotron, which have been used to make significant strides in particle physics. The Large Hadron Collider, which was used to discover the Higgs boson, is a synchrotron. Sources Alvarez, Luis W. Ernest Orlando Lawrence. (1970): 251-294.†American Institute of Physics.† Lawrence and the bomb.† n.d.Berdahl, Robert M. The Lawrence Legacy. 10 December 2001.Birge, Raymond T. Presentation of the Nobel Prize to professor Ernest O. Lawrence. Science (1940): 323-329.Hiltzik, Michael. Big Science: Ernest Lawrence and the Invention that Launched the Military-Industrial Complex. Simon Schuster, 2016.Keats, Jonathon. â€Å"The man who invented Big Science, Ernest Lawrence.† 16 July 2015.Rosenfeld, Carrie. â€Å"Ernest O. Lawrence (1901 - 1958).† n.d.Yarris, Lynn. â€Å"Lab mourns death of Molly Lawrence, widow of Ernest O. Lawrence.† January 8 2003.

Earley North America essays

Earley North America essays In the early 16th century, the European super powers, England, France and Spain decided to "broaden" their horizons. All three set sail in an attempt to further their power. But when they reached the shores of what is now known as Canada and Mexico what would they find? Would they find a land all ready occupied by a new and distinctly fascinating society? No, they found a land for the taking. These European "settlers" gave no regard to the native populations whom already occupied this vast land. Explorers such as Hernan Cortes and Jacques Cartier carried out this travesty by such factors as political and psychological warfare, economic competition between native cultures, and through the importation of disease. The Spanish, led by the Hernan Cortes, were responsible for the near annihilation of the native populations of Mexico. The main objective of the mission was to accumulate wealth so that Cortes could get rid of the large debt he and his men had incurred for this expensive expedition, as they had not been very successful on previous missions (Meyer 93). When the expedition arrived in Tabasco, the local natives resisted Cortes and the bloodshed began. The Spanish fought and killed two hundred natives while suffering only two deaths. Because of this battle the natives believed that the Spanish were invincible. Cortes used this to his advantage. He used horses, greyhounds and firearms to scare and intimidate the natives. He even went so far as to stage mock battles (Meyer 98). Cortes also used the native rivalries to his advantage. He would use all the natives that were against the Aztecs, the only known threat to the Spanish, as slaves and warriors to help him fight. In 1519, Cortes and his new men found their way into a town called Cholula that was allied with the Aztecs. The Spanish attacked and burned the town killing six thousand Cholulan warriors (Meyer104). Cortes used this massacre to send a powerful messa...

Literature Assg 2 A Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Literature Assg 2 A - Essay Example also has attempted to show different layers of human existence and how impulsive or biased judgements, blinded by pride or prejudice can lead to catastrophe. The King, like most of the human beings, also believed in false display of affection, whereas, he ignored and disrespected genuine feeling of those who are loyal to him. Thus, Shakespeare, within scope of the play has dealt with an essential human tendency of being attracted towards exhibition or show off or false elaboration of emotions and how an individual, trapped within such falsehood, forgets to appreciate and acknowledge genuine human feelings, consequently leading to his tragedy. Thesis Statement: The two daughters of the King surely have a major role to play in deepening the tragic plight of their father kin King Lear. However, the seeds of tragic and painful ending of the King were already sowed during Lear’s desperate rejection of Cordelia’s true affection, honesty and respect for him. Thus, besides holding the elder daughters responsible for his catastrophe, it is also important to consider his false choices, which he made out of prejudiced observation, as catalysts for his tragic end. A close and critical study of the four major Shakespearean tragedies, namely, Hamlet, King Lear, Othello and Macbeth, would clearly show that in each of these dramas the dramatist has exhibited certain common themes and a specific sequential approach to evoke the sense of tragic aesthetics. Hamlet’s tragedy is caused due to his dilemmatic nature and the existential crisis that he suffers from, in case of King Lear, the kingly pride, a stubborn sense of supremacy and overdependence to others, in this case on children, to decide the course of his life, have resulted in his fall. Finally, his realization regarding the wrong choices he made evoked in him a philosophical self that helps him to look deep in reality, keeping aside his trivial pride. Othello cannot escape his tragic plight due to the conjoint

Roe v. Wade or Miranda v. Arizona Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Roe v. Wade or Miranda v. Arizona - Essay Example (Cross & Miller, 165). However, some legal professionals were of the impression that Miranda had been denied his legal rights to remain quiet and to have an attorney during the police interrogation. AUCL helped Miranda to initiate a ‘thirty-six months’ legal battle on the issue and finally, the issue was posted before the Supreme Court. U.S.A. Before and during the Miranda’s case, the accused or the suspect had the constitutional rights to remain silence but the main question was when and how those privileges could be used. Whether the right to remain quiet or silent, which is being guaranteed under the Fifth Amendment’s which bar against self-incrimination be practiced either during the police interrogation at the pretrial stage or only during the trail stage of the case. Were admissions obtained from accused permissible in court if the accused was not reminded of his privilege to remain quiet and other legitimate privileges? (Cross & Miller, 164). These questions were answered in the ‘Miranda v. Arizona1, a milestone judgment by U.S Supreme Court which held that anyone accused of a crime had â€Å"the privilege to remain silent.† Thus, Supreme Court verdict is being referred as ‘Miranda Warning’ that is being applicable every individual who is arrested in U.S.A. Further, Miranda case also unveiled the privileges of the defendant, especially in criminal cases. (Cross & Miller, 164). Fifth Amendment to U.S Constitution offers to safeguard against the self-accusation and a right to have a counsel during police questioning of an accused is guaranteed by the Sixth Amendment. Under the Fifth Amendment, an individual cannot be forced to swear against her or himself or to offer incriminating testimony that can be employed later in a trial. The Sixth Amendment offers the constitutional right to engage a counsel during police questioning. (Cross & Miller, 165). The Miranda Rule demands that an accused or a witness while